We have micro-macro ecosystems that contain new forms of geological evidences:
“Future Fossils: Plastic Stone”
…researchers have discovered an unexpected way that some plastic waste is persisting: as a new type of stone.
The substance, called plastiglomerate, is a fusion of natural and manufactured materials. Melted plastic binds together sand, shells, pebbles, basalt, coral and wood, or seeps into the cavities of larger rocks to form a rock-plastic hybrid. The resulting materials,researchers report in the journal GSA Today, will probably be long-lived and could even become permanent markers in the planet’s geologic record.
“Most conventional plastic is relatively thin and fragments quickly,” said Richard Thompson, a marine biologist at Plymouth University in England, who was not involved in the research. “But what’s being described here is something that’s going to be even more resistant to the aging process.”
Plastiglomerate was discovered in 2006 by Charles Moore, a sea captain and oceanographer at the Algalita Marine Research Institute in Long Beach, Calif. Mr. Moore was surveying plastic washed up on Kamilo Beach, a remote, polluted stretch of sand on Hawaii’s Big Island.
We use the term plastiglomerate to describe an indurated, multi-composite material made hard by agglutination of rock and molten plastic. This material is subdivided into an in situ type, in which plastic is adhered to rock outcrops, and a clastic type, in which combinations of basalt, coral, shells, and local woody debris are cemented with grains of sand in a plastic matrix (Figs. 2A and 2B). Of the 21 sample locations containing plastiglomerate on Kamilo Beach, in situ plastiglomerate was identified at nine. Partially melted polymers adhered to basalt outcrops included fishing nets, piping, bottle caps, and rubber tires. Locally, molten plastic had infilled vesicles in volcanic rock, thereby forming plastic amygdales.
10 days ago I went to the OR coast – around Astoria, the mouth of the mighty Columbia River, with 15 Japanese continuing ed students to survey the beach plastics and look at and for tsunami debris. Oregon is twinned, connected to Japan through a strong east/west current. In addition, long-livin’ plastics suspended in the N Pacific Gyre, the trash vortex bigger than Texas and described as a 300 foot deep cloud of plastic bits, broken into ever-smaller bits by the sun’s UV, masquerading as plankton, and colorful confetti, gets dumped back out, into the currents, and lands on the coastal beaches.
We spent an hour cleaning – if you can call it that – I sat in one place for 45 minutes, overturning sticks and small logs to find an almost-solid layer of post-consumer plastic bits, nurdles (pre-consumer plastic resin pellets), oyster farm tubes, styrofoam nuggets, to mention a few, from the vast polymer taxonomy.
Marc Ward of Sea Turtles Forever, a committed beach plastic clean up leader and educator, with some of the PNCA crew
I can’t seem to draw myself away from plastic – what’s been coined The Plastisphere.
To date, though, how the Anthropocene has created new ecosystems in the oceans as well as on land has not been much examined.
Such ecosystems are, nevertheless, emerging—as Tracy Mincer of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, and Linda Amaral-Zettler of the Marine Biological Laboratory, also in Woods Hole, describe in Environmental Science and Technology. The malign effect of floating plastic debris on seabirds, turtles and other sea creatures is well known. But, as Dr Mincer and Dr Amaral-Zettler have discovered, plastic debris also provides a new habitat for organisms small enough to take advantage of it.
The two researchers collected pieces of plastic from various sites in the North Atlantic. They then examined each using DNA analysis, and also an electron microscope, to see what was living on it. Lots of things were. Altogether, they discovered about 50 species of single-celled plant, animal and bacterial life. Each bit of debris was, in effect, a tiny ecosystem.
As with many ecosystems, the bottom of the food chain was occupied by things that photosynthesise. These included unicellular algae called diatoms and dinoflagellates, and photosynthetic bacteria known as cyanobacteria. Usually, such creatures swim freely in the ocean. They therefore have to work hard to stay near the surface, where light for photosynthesis is abundant. By hitching a ride on a piece of floating plastic, they can stay near the surface without effort.
I recently found a smitten-inducing blog post by artist Max Liboiron, on a blog called Discard Studies that she co-authors with Robin Nagle and Eric Friedman. I really love the trajectory of the entire post which concludes with:
Our bodies are the newest sink in a long lineage of industrial ecosystems, and can even be considered an extension of the Plastisphere.
What do waste ecosystems like the Plastisphere, The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Park, and our own bodies mean for notions of pollution as they pertain to harm and health? How do they complicate truisms of clean up and restoration? How do they expand the notion of industrial ecosystems as intentional versus unintentional, contained versus planet-wide? Most importantly, how do we re-conceptualize pollution when purity is no longer empirically possible? These questions are becoming more pressing as our current definitions of pollution, founded more than a century ago, are being outmoded by manifestations of pollution in the twenty-first century.
I have an exhibition at bitforms gallery in New York through Feb 15, 2013.
It is my first solo show at the gallery, and a further development of “Necrocracy,” the work I began at Diverseworks in Houston, Texas, as a commission in March 2012.
New work includes a Petrochemical Self-Assessment Form, as well as a series of body bags for humans and companion animals.
I’ve posted the Petrochemical Self-Assessment Form here.
If you are interested, please empty your pockets and examine your hang tags, and fill it out.
Then you can
a> mail it back to the gallery, or
b> scan it and email me at marina at o-matic dot com
The lovely Marcia Sardy Schofield wrote this account of our trip 2 days ago to Long Island to pick up some purge and regrind.
My endless gratitude to her for helping to locate said exotica, and for supplying wheels to boot. She and her equally delightful and eccentric husband Richard are both doctors in the UK, and seem to relish becoming tangled in these quests (last year Richard came on a knotweed hunt with Abigail Simon and me).
+++
Please Recycle.
I can let you have maybe 75, 100 pounds of regrind, but I don’t have any floorsweep…
Is it virgin, or contaminated mix? I ask.
Some virgin, some recycled…
Which is how I found myself driving on the LIE for 3 hours on a Friday before New years Eve.
Marina is my oldest and dearest friend- I would do anything for her. Including sourcing 300 pounds of recycled plastics pellets to fill Tyvek bodybags designed to hold cattle, wolves, humans and roadkill. Don’t ask.
I found Joe at Domino Plastics after a long internet trawl; which started by typing “recycled plastic pellets” into Google. Which Google insisted, rather testily, was “recycled plastic pallets”. No, I murmured to the underlined blue suggestion, it’s definitely pellets. With an electronic sigh, Google brought up a list of facilities.
A map came up showing me a network of sparse dots strewn across a map of America. They ranged across a belt of former industrial heartland, the forgotten backwash of American industry- Allentown, PA; Dalton, Georgia. Head offices in Michigan, Wisconsin, Tennessee. North Texas. In a click, I was transported to shadow world of corrugated metal industrial park units, gravel-strewn lots and forests of shipping containers.
I began to populate the addresses with visions…. a nondescript front reception, in warehouses that sat on the outskirts of sleepy towns, their mills long silent. A sensible midwestern girl in mom-jeans sipped a recycled plastic cup of water-cooler water while she updated spreadsheets in an air-conditioned unit that sat on the rusty tracks of long-disused freight lines.
The magical names of the towns sung of a secret world, where truckloads of brightly coloured pellets were traded like wheat, or corn or soybeans; from the trashyards of the United States; to the vast reprocessing factories of China; to the custom manufacturing processes of the first world. A triangle trade of unwanted Lego bricks, cattle ear tags, plastic clothes hangers and PET-soda bottles all destined for a new incarnation as bubble wrap, weatherproof deck boarding or storage boxes.
I emailed Marina. …found what you want, I think it’s called re-grind. Or floorsweep. Here are some links… I’m getting on the phone- will email more later… I pressed send.
“Hi, happy holidays to you, this is Colles” said an efficient girl in Pennsylvania.
“Hi”, I said. “I wonder if you can help?”
“I hope so”, she said, brightly.
“I need to source about two- to three hundred pounds of recycled plastic pellets. They’re for an artist, who is making some sculptures filled with them?”
“We don’t usually deal in that kind of quantity”, she said, “But I’ll pass you through to our salesman, Tony. Please hold”
While I listened to orchestral chestnuts roasting on an open fire, I typed ‘minimum order, plastic pellets’ into Google. Yet again, the software changed my request to pallets. “No, I did NOT mean pallets!” I snarled at the computer.
“Hi, this is Tony” A bright voice answered the phone.
“Hi”, I started, “I don’t know if you can help, but I was wondering where I could get hold of some plastic pellets?” I paused. “But I don’t need, like, a truckload.”
I glanced at my computer. Google shrugged, a spewed out a list of pellets not pallets. Documents, price lists and shipping manifests filled the screen.
He seemed polite, but distant. “What kind of quantity are you looking for?” As I was clearly not a large sale prospect, he relaxed audibly.
“I don’t know, maybe a couple of hundred pounds? But they have to be recycled, preferably PET, or HDPE? A polymer? It’s for an artist. She is making a few sculptures that need the pellets for stuffing.”
“Wow”, he said, perking up. “That’s pretty interesting. Can you tell me more about the project?”
I smiled. The mention of an art project seems to bring out the nascent arts-and-crafter in all of us. As if we can take a break from the adult world of business and commerce and go back to a time of freedom; paste in our hair and clay under our fingernails. The chance to be a small part in the creation of a work of art seems to foster the best in us- cooperation, collaboration, imagination…
We talked about the different textures of plastics. Chunky regrind. Uniform plastic pellets in a rainbow of colors. Contaminated mix- where odd colours somehow snuck into a uniform mixture, rendering it unsuitable for specialist manufacturing. Purge, where cleaning out the machines resulted in a pyroclastic flow of intestinal-looking shapes. Floorsweep- in varying grades of contamination; with rope, with paper, with metal shards.
As we talked, I realized that there was a busy world out there of people making money from the most unglamorous part of the manufacturing process. With plastic so ubiquitous in our lives, the amount of industrial processing must be staggering to consider- and here were the folk at the edges of the vast sea of goods and products, able to sell the slimmest of pickings to a ready market.
“It’s really too small a quantity”, said Tony. “We generally sell by the truckload. Or the containerload. We’re talking 20-30 thousand pounds, minimum. For a two-three hundred pound quantity, the shipping will kill ya. It’ll be better if you can find a place nearer to you and drive out and pick some up”
“Do you know of anywhere, preferably in the Tri-State area”, I said. “We are in Brooklyn”
“…yeah, there’s a guy…” he paused. I could hear plastic clicks. “Yeah, there’s a guy in Long Island. Domino Plastics. Sorry I couldn’t help. Tell you friend good luck with her project, It sounds kinda weird, but interesting,” He laughed, “Wish I coulda seen it.”
“Thanks, Tony!” I said. “You’ve been so helpful! Happy new year.”
“And to you!”, he said.
I called Domino’s but got an answering machine. I left a message I hoped would pique their interest, hoping for a callback.
Marina called me. I was breathless with excitement. “You have no idea!” I said. “It’s a whole new world! There’s this stuff called contaminated mix! And floorsweep! And purge! It’s completely awesome!”
She seemed nonplussed by my excitement. “Can we get some?”
“I think there’s a minimum order of about 20,00 pounds at 20-30 cents a pound…
“What????…”
“..but I’m working on it. We may have to drive to Long Island if we need it by January 3rd…I’ll call you back.”
On that cold Thursday before New years Eve, I sat at my parent’s dining room table in Brooklyn making phone call after phone call. Most places were closed. Some were open, and you could hear the cheery sound of piped Christmas music in the background. All the people I spoke to were unfailingly polite, and seemed interested and intrigued by my strange request.
I was stunned by the sheer variety of the kind of waste being sold and traded. The thought of all this industrious commerce cheered me up, as I considered terrifying mountains of plastic waste being bundled, sold, reground, processed and given new life.
In the North of England, there’s a saying: where there’s muck, there’s brass.
(translation- where there’s waste that no one wants, there’s money)
I was getting nowhere and it was getting late. I thought about posting on Freecycle for unwanted beanbag chairs. I looked at ebay, crafting sites, retailers. No one had the quantity or the right kind of material.
I emailed Marina ….not having much luck here. Most places closed. Would you consider Styrofoam filler? Or bubble wrap? Could maybe get hold of beanbag filler but it’s expensive…still waiting on Long Island guy- will call you.
I called Domino back. By now I had my patter to a fine art.
A voice answered. “Hello?”
Male, a five-boroughs accent.
“Hi, is this Domino’s?” I asked hesitatingly.
“Yeah”, he said, “This is Joe.”
I launched into my speech. I was trying to source some plastic pellets (not pallets) for an artist. They had to be recycled. I’d prefer floorsweep but purge or regrind was OK. I didn’t need that much, certainly not a truckload. And there was a time limit.
“So, how much do you need? “ he asked. I got the feeling there was a skeleton crew operating over the holidays.
“I’m sorry to bother you”, I said. “I guess you aren’t open over the holidays?”
“Yeah, but I am still working. I have the number hashed through to my cell. I’m not at the unit right now. I think I can help you if you can get yourself out here. I got maybe a couple of hundred pounds of samples…”
“Oh my god!” I cried breathlessly, “Of course I can! Thank you so much! ….Of course we can get out there! I can get out to you tomorrow! What time would suit?
“Well”, he said,” Slow down! I’m not there right now. Let me get out there and I will see what I have…I can call you back later…”
“I’ll call you,” I said excitedly, “I have to run out and meet the artist and I am not sure what my cell number is. Oh! She will be so happy We’ve been scouring the earth for this stuff! Do you know how hard this quantity is to source?”
He started to laugh. “Yeah, it’s usually sold by the truckload…it’s not what you can usually find in an art supply store, I guess…”
“OK, Joe, thanks! You totally rock. I’ll call you later.”
I hung up and called Marina instantly.
“How would you feel about a run out to East Setauket tomorrow?”
In the morning, I called in a favor, dropping my daughter off for the day at the home of a former heavy metal keyboardist and his pet-rat-owning daughter (also ten). He’s an old high-school friend. We’ve known each other for more than 30 years. As I hurriedly explained our mission, he shrugged. Currently an EMT, on a Brooklyn nightshift, nothing surprised him.
“Sounds crazy”, he said. “I’ll see ya later. Let me know how it goes. We’ll drink beer.”
Marina, my husband Richard and I drove my parents’ old people-carrier out to Long Island through the insane traffic on the LIE. The winter sun was dazzling on the highway as the stop and go tail-lights of Nassau ebbed to a steady stream of traffic; which dwindled as we got closer to Port Jefferson. Hyped on strong coffee, we could hardly contain our enthusiasm. After nearly two hours, we pulled into a non-descript string of units on the aptly-named Technology Drive in an industrial park.
Although it was bitterly cold, no snow had yet fallen; the clipped lawn outside of the unit was still brilliant green.
We opened the office door, and shouted “Hello?”
The office had a nice-looking desk, a water cooler and an unplugged Christmas tree. It was empty.
Beyond was a cavernous unit, which was sparsely filled with boxes, metal shelves and a rather nice-looking Persian rug. A dog bone sat on the edge of the carpet. A pile of boxes, spilling diamond-bright translucent grey pellets sat on the edge of the carpet.
An athletic-looking blonde man in a red woolen lumberjack shirt and worn jeans rose from a desk along one wall and came out to greet us, hands outstretched. “Joe? Hi!, I’m Marcia,” I said. “We spoke on the phone? This is my husband Richard and this is Marina, the artist. Thanks so much for letting us come today!”
He walked with the swagger of an ex-fireman. “Yeah, no problem. I wasn’t doing much, just clearing out the samples… There’s a bunch of this stuff, I don’t know how much you want…”
Marina stepped out from behind me and thrust a bottle of wine into his hand. “Hey, thanks, Joe. We really appreciate it”, she said.
“So…tell me about the project?” said Joe.
Marina took out her ipad. On it were drawings, plans: A close up of the printed Tyvek. A child’s biohazard suit on a mannequin. “I think about all the bodies of marine life, decomposing, making petroleum- which are then made into objects which are virtually immortal,” she said, simply.
Joe was entranced. He looked carefully at the set of photographs and drawings, pausing over each. Gently, he handed back the ipad. Then he took us over to the piles of boxes sitting on the edge of the carpet, their contents glittering like the jealously-guarded hoard of an industrial dragon.
“We got some virgin here”, he said. He held up Ziplocs full of brightly-coloured pellets. They glittered like rubies.
“These are beautiful!” She exclaimed.
I snooped around the edges of the pile. I spotted a letter on top of a box- “Shot gun shells?” I asked.
“Yeah, we have a guy, he want to sell us processed shotgun shells. It’s somewhere out in Texas,” he laughed. “… they must do a lot of shooting, cause they have truckloads of the stuff!” He shrugged. “But it’s contaminated, with paper, you know? So we can’t use it. And he wants a lot of money for it….I got some around here somewhere…”
“Can we have it?” I asked eagerly – shooting Marina a look of apology. I thought this is her project, stupid!
He rummaged around until he brought out a bag of shredded plastic, sectioned off into another bag of dull grey pellets.
Marina dug through a box. She spotted a treasure and held up a bag of yellow and black fragments- “what is this?”
“Cattle ear tags,” he said.
Marina and I looked at each other in triumph. “That’s perfect”, she breathed. “There’s a cattle body bag here”- she picked up the ipad and flicked to the plans. Joe looked over her shoulder at a drawing of a printed Tyvek, cattle-shaped body bag.
I held up a gnarled mass of white stringy plastic that looked like evacuated worm load. “What’s this?”
“That’s purge”, he said. “You know, when they clean the machine…”
“Can we have it?”
“Yeah, there’s some more around here….”
He held up a plaque of mottled purple mixed with grey.
Richard, Marina and I were like kids at Christmas. Sifting through sacks of pellets, fragments and lumps in varying sizes, textures and colours.
“What’s this?” Marina held up a bag of brightly colored fragments, all mixed together.
“Regrind. That’s Megablocks. You know, competitors to Lego?”
“I thought Lego was immortal,” said my husband.
Joe laughed. “Pretty much! Yeah, we sell it to this factory, they make planks out of it. For decking; you know, benches…” He held up a muddy gray-green plastic plank.
“I was doing some research on this today…I guess a lot of this stuff ends up going to China, India?” I said.
“Yeah,” he said. “It’s like the Wild West, you know? I got guys selling me stuff from all over. We buy the stuff from factories; garment manufacturers…Plastic hangers… I got guys who take the metal, a place that takes the foam off the hangers, a guy who takes the plastic hangers and regrinds them into plastic bubble wrap… I got guys who have tons of drink bottles, old plastic toys. The sweepings of the factory floors. We get stuff when a run of color virgin pellets gets contaminated. When they clean the machines- the purge that comes out. A bunch of it goes off to China, India, the Phillipines, by the truckload, boatload. “
“It’s incredible,” I said. “I never knew.”
“Yeah, most people don’t see it,” he said. “It’s funny, since the website, we get these old ladies calling us saying can we take a bunch of their kids’ old toys. I say, lady unless you got a truckload of them, we can’t help you…it says we buy plastic on the website, you see…”
“Is there anything you can’t recycle?” asked Marina.
He pointed to a few bright orange plastic pyramids on the floor.
“What are those?” Marina asked
“Truck chocks,” he said. “Stop the truck rolling. A guy’s got a truckload of these, don’t know where he got ‘em. But he sends me a few and I can tell they’ve got phenolic resin in them. Can’t use ‘em, needs a special process. Too contaminated…”
He strolled over to the wall, where a couple of vinyl records were tacked up, with labels that said Domino Plastics where the labels normally held track listings.
“…And composites. Where they got plastic mixed with paper. We bought like a million of these old records. China’s the only place they got that can take the paper off the record. The labor’s cheap enough. They regrind it and there you go, more vinyl…”
“So, you need it to be one color? One material?” I asked.
“Yeah,” he said. “You gotta be careful… We got call from this guy. He says, I got clear plastic, two truckloads… So I say OK, I can give you 30c a pound for it , cause I can sell it to my guy who makes clear plastic wrap…”
“It’s worth more if it’s just clear?” I say
“Yeah… So I spend like $2,000 on shipping and the customer calls me and says ‘This stuff, I can’t use it. It has colors in it’ …So I say to the first guy, ‘you said it was all clear! And my guy has two truckloads of contaminated that he can’t use’… So the first guy says to me, yeah, it’s definitely clear. I say- well my guy says it has colors and he can’t use it. And now I gotta find him some clear and you just cost me shipping… I tell him, you want it back, you gotta go pick it up- I’m out the shipping anyway- or I’m gonna send it to China at 2c a pound! So eventually he goes and gets it. You take a risk, you see…I won’t pay these guys til I know it’s what they say it is.”
“You don’t see it?”
“I see samples, but you know, sometimes they send me stuff and it isn’t what my customer gets. And that’s what you’re getting. I gotta clean this place out- new year, new stuff. Some of these samples, I can’t use. That’s what you’re getting. Or old ones that aren’t active. These are the ones I still use.” He gestured to the dozens and dozens of boxes sitting neatly on metal shelving.
We rummaged around the unit, finding treasures. Joe walked over to the ipad and looked again at the images for the show- bodybags, folk-art-like prints of biohazard and petrochemical symbols. On his desk was a textbook – Industrial Polymers- and his computer was open, with several windows full of spreadsheets.
“I guess we should go leave you in peace,” my husband said. Mindful of the fact that our enthusiasm was probably now starting to irritate Joe.
Joe looked relieved. “I’ll help you load the van.”
We carried the boxes out to the car. They settled into the trunk; the protosculptures of purge looking like expensive home décor items.
“Come to the opening!“ said Marina. “We couldn’t have done it without your help.”
“Yeah, I’d like that” said Joe. We slammed the door of the people carrier. “Wait! Just thought of something.” He went running back to the unit.
I climbed into the driver seat. “I need coffee,” I said to Marina. She nodded, distracted, her mind full of visions of pellets spilling like arterial bleeds from the zips of the body bags. My husband settled into one of the back seats, huddled in his overcoat.
Joe came running back, a perfectly clear ice-bright piece of purge in his hands. It sparkled like a crystal model of an internal organ in the winter noonday sun. “I just thought you would like this.”
I’m working on a show opening at bitforms on Jan 10, some of it from Necrocracy at Diverseworks, and a bit of new work as well also re-approaching our relations with petrochemicals.
The new pieces are animal body bags, made of Tyvek and printed in solvent ink, with folk-art style patterns that upturn, implode, decroate with the drawings I did for the Petroleum Manga – objects of various petrochemical outputs. A dizzying “Latour litany” / ontographic approach with which I feel so… synchronized. The idea is that the bags will get stuffed with petrochemical flotsam, plastics slated for recycling, left behind, or bound quickly for the trash bin.
Here are a couple of photos of work in progress:
Antonius Wiriadjaja working on constructing a Body Bag for Dogs (Polyethylene Terephthalate / PET)
Here are the drawings for the creatures so far:
Here is a Body Bag for Cats, unzipped and filled with polyurethane pellets.
I’ve started an inventory service to help people determine the depth of their entanglement with hydrocarbons. Stay tuned. If you’d like a survey form, email petrochemsurvey@o-matic.com
I can email you a pdf or you can pick one up at bitforms gallery january 10 – february 16.
